When blood sugar levels remain too high for too long, it can cause long-term health problems such as nerve damage, vision impairment, kidney damage, or heart disease. The two most common forms of diabetes are Type 1 and Type 2. These differ in cause, signs and symptoms, and treatment. Children with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes may exhibit signs and symptoms such as weight loss without trying, frequent need to urinate, increased hunger, increased thirst, bedwetting, trouble seeing, and feeling tired.
In addition, children with Type 2 diabetes often develop dark patches of skin on the back of the neck, armpits, groin, and between the finger and toes. The holidays should be a joyous time. But for children with type 1 or type 2 diabetes, this can be a tough time of year Our outpatient services include specialized clinics for: Diabetes Diabetes education Childhood obesity Endocrine disorders.
Phone: Get Directions. Diabetes and Endocrinology. Abstract Purpose: Understanding disease mechanisms inside the body is crucial to engage youth with type 1 diabetes T1D in self-care behaviors. Substances Blood Glucose. The use of BMI as a component of the metabolic syndrome in the different criteria may also overestimate its prevalence, a condition described by another study [ 41 ].
The importance of this study in clinical practice for the decision concerning the criterion to be used to diagnose the syndrome and in the interpretation of results is noteworthy. Although prevalences differed according to the criterion adopted, agreement among the methods was considered to be satisfactory. The results in the present study can suggest that, in the same group of subjects, children with metabolic abnormalities will be diagnosed regardless of the diagnostic criteria selected.
It can also be speculated that the differences between the cutoff points of the components, namely, blood pressure, triacylglycerols, HDL-C and glycemia, are discreet. Agreement on the use of the best anthropometric and glycidic indicator would reduce prevalence divergences among studies.
Additionally, it is recommended that the glucose, insulin and lipid levels of all children diagnosed with obesity should be periodically observed, and if required, immediate intervention should be made before the metabolic syndrome itself develops [ 21 ]. Besides of the metabolic syndrome diagnosis, other factors must be taken into account in cardiovascular risk evaluation in childhood. Dyslipidemia in childhood does not cause adverse health effects, such as acute myocardial infarction, but its long-term effects have been investigated.
With the lack or scarcity of longitudinal studies on dyslipidemia in childhood and cardiovascular diseases in adulthood, studies make inferences, and a positive relation is found [ 43 ].
The latest recommendation from the American Association of Pediatrics for dyslipidemia screening is the presence of a family history of premature cardiovascular diseases or high total cholesterol concentrations, children whose families have an unknown family history or who have been diagnosed with overweight, obesity, high blood pressure and diabetes mellitus [ 44 ].
Several studies have shown a positive correlation between the presence of family history for obesity, systemic high blood pressure, dyslipidemia and type-2 diabetes mellitus and alteration in the metabolic-syndrome components [ 45 - 48 ]. Low weight at birth also influences the development of chronic diseases in adults, a phenomenon which is referred to as programming [ 49 ]. Growth rates in the first weeks of life are critical for later insulin resistance [ 50 ].
Fast weight gain soon after birth 0 to 6 months of life has shown a direct relation with the presence of the metabolic syndrome components in adulthood [ 51 ]. The Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is also related to metabolic disorders, and it is thought to be a result of obesity [ 52 ]. Kelishadi et al [ 53 ] have observed that alteration in hepatic enzymes increased with body weight gain, since it was twofold in overweight children and adolescents and fourfold in obese children and adolescents as compared to eutrophic individuals.
Hence, an early diagnosis for overweight and the implementation of lifestyle changes are fundamental for preventing, controlling and managing obesity and its associated co-morbidities, such as the metabolic syndrome [ 54 , 55 ]. Although some authors mentioned the difficulty to compare the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, this study showed that the six criteria are correlated with each other.
Additionally, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome is higher in obese individuals as compared to those overweight. Therefore, in the same group of subjects, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome is similar, regardless of the criterion selected.
AEMR wrote the manuscript and collected the data. GDP corrected the manuscript and performed the statistical analysis. AFP corrected the manuscript. RCB read and approved the final version of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List Diabetol Metab Syndr v. Diabetol Metab Syndr. Published online Jun 9. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer.
Corresponding author. Ana Elisa M Rinaldi: moc. Received Nov 25; Accepted Jun 9. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Background The metabolic syndrome has been described in children; however, a standard criterion has not been established for its diagnosis. Methods This is a cross-sectional study on overweight schoolchildren. Results The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome varied from 10 to Conclusions Different diagnostic criteria, when adopted for subjects with similar demographic characteristics, generate similar and compatible prevalence.
Background Insulin resistance was firstly described by Reaven [ 1 ] as the concomitant presence of abdominal adiposity, dyslipidemia, hypertension and insulin resistance or type-2 diabetes mellitus, and it is regarded as the main risk factor for cardiovascular diseases.
Table 1 Description of the metabolic syndrome criteria and their respective cutoff points. Open in a separate window. Table 2 Anthropometric and biochemical characteristics of school children according to gender. Figure 1. Table 3 Percentage of overweight children with altered metabolic syndrome components according to the six diagnosis criteria. Table 4 Agreement Kappa index among de metabolic syndrome prevalences according to six different diagnostic criteria. Discussion Divergent metabolic-syndrome diagnoses at the pediatric age range encouraged the development of this Brazilian study, which is one of the first to evaluate its prevalence agreement according to different diagnostic criteria.
Kelishadi et al [ 53 ] have observed that alteration in hepatic enzymes increased with body weight gain, since it was twofold in overweight children and adolescents and fourfold in obese children and adolescents as compared to eutrophic individuals Hence, an early diagnosis for overweight and the implementation of lifestyle changes are fundamental for preventing, controlling and managing obesity and its associated co-morbidities, such as the metabolic syndrome [ 54 , 55 ].
Conclusions Although some authors mentioned the difficulty to compare the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, this study showed that the six criteria are correlated with each other. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions AEMR wrote the manuscript and collected the data. References Reaven GM. Banting lecture role of insulin resistance in human disease. Metabolic Syndrome: Connecting and reconciling cardiovascular and diabetes worlds.
J Am Coll Cardiol. Insulin resistance. A multifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
Diabetes Care. ACE position statement on insulin resistance syndrome.
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